Lithography

Lithography is the foundational process for defining patterns on a substrate in semiconductor, MEMS, photonics, and microfabrication industries. It allows precise transfer of circuit designs, microstructures, or optical features onto a wafer or other substrate using a combination of light, photoresist, and masking techniques. The result is a high-resolution pattern that guides subsequent etching, deposition, or implantation steps to create microelectronic or microscale devices. Lithography essentially “prints” the blueprint of the device with extreme accuracy, enabling feature sizes down to a few nanometres in advanced technologies.